Structural Analysis and Characterization of 4-F-α-PVP Analog 4-F-3-Methyl-α- PVP Hydrochloride / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To identify 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) pentan-1-one (4-F-α-PVP) analog 1-(4-fluoro-3-methyl phenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) pentan-1-one (4-F-3-Methyl-α-PVP) hydrochloride without reference substance.@*METHODS@#The direct-injection electron ionization-mass spectrometry (EI-MS), GC-MS, electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ion chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were integrated utilized to achieve the structural analysis and characterization of the unknown compound in the sample, and the cleavage mechanism of the fragment ions was deduced by EI-MS and UPLC-HRMS/MS.@*RESULTS@#By analyzing the direct-injection EI-MS, GC-MS, ESI-HRMS and UPLC-HRMS/MS of the compound in the samples, it was concluded that the unknown compound was a structural analog of 4-F-α-PVP, possibly with one more methyl group in the benzene ring. According to the analysis results of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, it was further proved that the methyl group is located at the 3-position of the benzene ring. Since the actual number of hydrogen in 1H-NMR analysis was one more than 4-F-3-Methyl-α-PVP neutral molecule, it was inferred that the compound existed in the form of salt. Ion chromatography analysis results showed that the compound contained chlorine anion (content 11.14%-11.16%), with the structural analysis of main functional group information by FTIR, the unknown compound was finally determined to be 4-F-3-Methyl-α-PVP hydrochloride.@*CONCLUSIONS@#A comprehensive method using EI-MS, GC-MS, ESI-HRMS, UPLC-HRMS/MS, NMR, ion chromatography and FTIR to identify 4-F-3-Methyl-α-PVP hydrochloride in samples is established, which will be helpful for the forensic science laboratory to identify this compound or other analog compounds.

Impact of plot size on tropical forest structure and diversity estimation / Impacto del tamaño de la parcela en la estructura y estimación de la diversidad de los bosques tropicales

Abstract Introduction: Inventories are essential for forest management, but, in the Amazon region, the absence of standardization produces information loss, low accuracy, and inconsistent measurements. This prevents valid comparisons and compromises the use of information in networks and software. Sampling unit size is of key importance in the inventory of native forests, particularly regarding accuracy and costs. Objective: To identify a plot size that provides adequate precision for dendrometric parameters in the Amazon. Methods: In Cotriguaçu, Mato Grosso, Brazil, we tested four plot sizes with six repetitions each: 2 500, 5 000, 7 500, and 10 000 m². We measured diameter at breast height, population density, basal area, and biomass. We applied Shannon and Jaccard indexes; Weibull 2P and Gamma functions to fit the diametric distribution; and the Akaike Information Criterion for the best model. Results: There was a directly proportional relationship between plot area and population similarity, but diversity did not indicate significant alterations. Plot size did not affect dendrometric attributes and diametric distribution. Larger plot areas led to lower coefficients of variation and smaller confidence intervals. The Gamma function was the best model to represent the distributions of different plot sizes. Conclusions: For similar forests, we recommend the 2 500 m² plot to evaluate diameter at breast height, population density, basal area, and biomass.

Resumen Introducción: Los inventarios son fundamentales para la gestión forestal, pero en la Amazonía la ausencia de estandarización produce pérdida de información, baja precisión y mediciones inconsistentes. Esto impide comparaciones válidas y compromete el uso de información en redes y programas. El tamaño de la unidad de muestreo es de importancia clave en el inventario de bosques nativos, particularmente en lo que respecta a la precisión y los costos. Objetivo: Identificar un tamaño de parcela que proporcione una precisión adecuada para los parámetros dendrométricos en la Amazonía. Métodos: En Cotriguaçu, Mato Grosso, Brasil, probamos cuatro tamaños de parcela con seis repeticiones cada una: 2 500, 5 000, 7 500 y 10 000 m². Medimos diámetro a la altura del pecho, densidad de población, área basal y biomasa. Se aplicaron los índices de Shannon y Jaccard; Funciones Weibull 2P y Gamma para adaptarse a la distribución diametral; y el Criterio de Información de Akaike para el mejor modelo. Resultados: Hubo una relación directamente proporcional entre el área de parcela y la similitud poblacional, pero la diversidad no indicó alteraciones significativas. El tamaño de la parcela no afectó los atributos dendrológicos y la distribución diametral. Las áreas de parcela más grandes dieron lugar a coeficientes de variación más bajos e intervalos de confianza más pequeños. La función Gamma fue el mejor modelo para representar las distribuciones de diferentes tamaños de parcela. Conclusiones: Para bosques similares, recomendamos la parcela de 2 500 m² para evaluar diámetro a la altura del pecho, densidad de población, área basal y biomasa.

Computer-aided aptamers screening technologies: a review / 生物工程学报

The computer information technology that has penetrated into every aspect of our lives, can not only assist the screening of drugs, but also simulate the effect of drugs. At present, computer-aided technologies have been used to screen aptamers, which play an important role in improving the screening efficiency and screening high affinity binding aptamers. This review summarized the screening methods of aptamers through computer-aided sequence evaluation, structural analysis and molecular docking.

Análisis estructural sobre el entrenamiento de la flexibilidad en gimnasia artística masculina / Análise estrutural sobre treino de flexibilidade na ginástica artística masculina / Structural analysis on flexibility training in men's artistic gymnastics

RESUMEN La importancia y transcendencia de cada variable que influye en el entrenamiento de la flexibilidad en gimnastas evaluada por especialistas, podrían modelarse prospectivamente para considerar la toma a mediano y largo plazo de decisiones acertadas y relacionadas con el proceso de dirección del entrenamiento. Conocer las implicaciones y el nivel de importancia de cada variable de interés podría optimizar la preparación deportiva, siendo el análisis estructural una herramienta para lograr dicho fin. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar variables claves sobre el entrenamiento de la flexibilidad en gimnasia artística masculina; está basado en una investigación prospectiva de análisis cualitativo, aplicando matrices que interrelacionaron diversas variables de importancia, delimitando a futuro cómo modelar un entrenamiento de flexibilidad en gimnasia artística masculina. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 13 de especialistas, estudiando nueve variables, cual indica que la variable más influyente es el nivel de conocimiento de los entrenadores (NCE), y la más dependiente es el modelo de entrenamiento (MoE). Las variables métodos de entrenamiento (ME) y técnicas de entrenamiento (TE) destacan por tener niveles altos de influencia y dependencia, las variables resultantes serían las metodologías observaciones (MO); individualización (I) y modelo de entrenamiento (MoE), y la variable pelotón la edad de entrenamiento (EdE). Se evidencia a criterio de los especialistas el valor supremo del nivel de conocimientos de los entrenadores sobre el desarrollo de la flexibilidad, siendo un condicionante a potenciar mediante cursos de superación, orientando el uso de los mejores métodos y técnicas de entrenamiento para potenciar óptimamente la flexibilidad en la gimnasia artística masculina.

RESUMO A importância e transcendência de cada variável que influencia o treino de flexibilidade em ginastas, avaliada por especialistas, poderia ser modelada prospectivamente para considerar as decisões a médio e longo prazo relacionadas com o processo de gestão do treino. O conhecimento das implicações e do nível de importância de cada variável de interesse poderia optimizar a preparação desportiva, sendo a análise estrutural uma ferramenta para atingir este objetivo. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar variáveis chave no treino de flexibilidade na ginástica artística masculina; baseia-se numa pesquisa prospectiva de análise qualitativa, aplicando matrizes que inter-relacionam várias variáveis importantes, delimitando no futuro como modelar um treino de flexibilidade na ginástica artística masculina. Foi aplicado um questionário a 13 especialistas, estudando nove variáveis, o que indica que a variável mais influente é o nível de conhecimento dos treinadores (NCE), e a mais dependente é o modelo de formação (MoE). Os variáveis métodos de treino (ME) e técnicas de treino (TE) destacam-se por terem elevados níveis de influência e dependência, as variáveis resultantes seriam as observações metodológicas (MO); individualização (I) e modelo de treino (MoE), e o pelotão de variáveis a idade de treino (EdE). O valor supremo do nível de conhecimento dos treinadores sobre o desenvolvimento da flexibilidade é evidenciado nos critérios dos especialistas, sendo um fator condicionante a ser valorizado através de cursos de aperfeiçoamento, orientando a utilização dos melhores métodos e técnicas de treino para optimizar a flexibilidade na ginástica artística masculina.

ABSTRACT The importance and transcendence of each variable that influences flexibility training in gymnasts, evaluated by specialists, could be modeled prospectively to consider medium and long term decisions related to the training management process. Knowing the implications and level of importance of each variable of interest could optimize sport preparation, being structural analysis a tool to achieve this goal. The objective of this work is to determine key variables on flexibility training in men's artistic gymnastics; it is based on a prospective research of qualitative analysis, applying matrices that interrelated several variables of importance, delimiting in the future how to model a flexibility training in men's artistic gymnastics. A questionnaire was applied to 13 specialists, studying nine variables, which indicates that the most influential variable is the coaches' Level of knowledge (NCE), and the most dependent is the training model (MoE). The variables training methods (ME) and training techniques (TE) stand out for having high levels of influence and dependence, the resulting variables would be the methodologies observations (MO); individualization (I) and training model (MoE), and the platoon variable the training age (EdE). It is evident, according to the specialists, the supreme value of the level of knowledge of the coaches on the development of flexibility, being a conditioning factor to be enhanced through improvement courses, guiding the use of the best training methods and techniques to optimally enhance flexibility in men's artistic gymnastics.

Synthesis of ureasil-polyether film forming materials by using environmentally friendly solvent

Organic inorganic hybrids present several advantages as drug release systems, such as: high flexibility, high mechanical and thermal resistance, transparency, and low water solubility. These hybrids are synthesized through a chemical route named sol-gel that usually uses as solvente tetrahydrofuran (THF). Objetives: To develop film formers from hybrid materials replacing THF with ethanol, a less toxic solvent for skin application and for the environment. Methods: Four polymers were used: two based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) with molecular weight of 500 and 1900 g mol-1 and two based on polypropylene oxide (PPO), with molecular weight of 400 and 2000 g mol-1. The structural analysis was performed by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 29Si-NMR, and the thermal-mechanical analysis by DSC and TG-DTA. Results: The results of the thermo-mechanical analysis revealed that the solvent replacement did not affect the thermal stability and flexibility of the di-ureasil hybrid. Conclusions: Structural characterization confirmed the formation of hybrids both in THF and in ethanol. Therefore, ethanol is an excellent solvent for the synthesis of these hybrid matrices, since it allows obtaining the same material without changing its characteristics, with some advantages, however, over THF. Furthermore, this paper describes the efficiency of ethanol as a solvent, which is environmentally friendly, to replace THF in the physical-chemical characteristics of these filming former materials.

An update on sparring taekwondo's internal logic / Uma atualização da lógica interna de competição do combate no taekwondo / Una actualización de la lógica interna de la competición del combate en el taekwondo

Abstract: This manuscript addresses the internal logic of sparring taekwondo, regulated by the World Taekwondo Federation, to explain motor actions used in competitions. A narrative review was conducted on Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Ebsco, PubMed, ProQuest, and Dialnet databases, guided by structural and functional taekwondo parameters with no limits as to year of publication or language used. The authors describe the various elements that make up the sport's internal logic such as regulation, space, time, motor communication, roles and sub-roles in addition to the techniques or execution models that explain their special characteristics. This could assist in further examining the characteristics of that sport, defining combat actions, and contextualizing the real competitive situation by adapting tactical taekwondo sequences. Being aware of this sport's unique characteristics will enable creating the necessary framework to continue research on Olympic-level taekwondo.

Resumo: O objetivo do manuscrito é abordar a lógica interna do taekwondo competição regulamentada pela Federação Mundial do Taekwondo para explicar a ação motora na competição. Uma revisão narrativa foi realizada com base nos parâmetros estruturais e funcionais do taekwondo nos bancos de dados do Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Ebsco, PubMed, ProQuest e Dialnet, sem limitar o ano de publicação nem o idioma utilizado. Os autores se referem aos diversos elementos que compõem a lógica interna mencionada, como regulação, espaço, tempo, comunicação motora, papéis e subfunções, além dos modelos de técnica ou execução, explicando suas particularidades. Isso poderia nos ajudar a aprofundar as características desse esporte, definir a ação de combate e contextualizar a situação real da competição, adaptando as sequências táticas do taekwondo. O conhecimento das particularidades desse esporte permite criar uma estrutura necessária para continuar o trabalho da pesquisa no taekwondo olímpico .

Resumen: El objetivo de este manuscrito es abordar la lógica interna del taekwondo de competición regulado por la Federación Mundial de Taekwondo para explicar la acción motriz en la competición. Se realizó una revisión narrativa basada en los parámetros estructurales y funcionales del taekwondo en las bases de datos del Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Ebsco, PubMed, ProQuest y Dialnet sin limitar el año de publicación ni el idioma. Los autores se refieren a los diversos elementos que componen la lógica interna mencionada, como reglamento, espacio, tiempo, comunicación motriz, roles y subfunciones, además de los modelos de técnica o ejecución, explicando sus particularidades. Esto podría ayudarnos a profundizar en las características del taekwondo, a definir la acción de combate y a contextualizar la situación real de la competición, adaptando las secuencias tácticas del taekwondo. El conocimiento de las particularidades de este deporte permite crear un marco necesario para continuar el trabajo de investigación en el taekwondo olímpico.

Progress in oligosaccharide extraction, separation and structural analysis by mass spectrometry / 药学学报

Oligosaccharides play important roles in many biological processes and have great medicinal potential. The structure-activity study of oligosaccharides is complicated by the diversity and complexity of their structures. This review summarizes the state of oligosaccharide structural analysis in recent years. The ionization methods and dissociation rule of acid oligosaccharides, neutral oligosaccharides and glycopeptides in mass spectrometry are discussed and the methods of extraction and purification of oligosaccharides, the suitable mass spectrometry models for different types of oligosaccharides, and the advantages and disadvantages of different mass spectrometry models are introduced. We believe that this review will be helpful for the further investigation of these important biological substances.

Characterization and structure of a novel thermostable glucoamylase from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 / 生物工程学报

Glucoamylase is a critical ingredient for saccharification in the starch decomposition, and widely used in food, pharmaceutical and fermentation industries. Glucoamylases are usually thermostable and have peak activities at high temperature, as required for the industrial process of glucose production. In this study, a glucoamylase gene belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 15, Tlga15A, was cloned from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802, and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Recombinant glucoamylase TlGA showed optimal activities at pH 4.5 and 75 °C. The result of thermostability analysis showed that TlGA retained above 70% activity after incubating for 1 h at 65 °C, and 43% residual activity after 30 min at 70 °C. Moreover, TlGA had high resistance to most metal ions and chemical reagents tested. Various starch substrates could be hydrolyzed by TlGA, including soluble starch (255.6±15.3) U/mg, amylopectin (342.3±24.7) U/mg, glycogen (185.4±12.5) U/mg, dextrin (423.3±29.3) U/mg and pullulan (65.7±8.1) U/mg. The primary, secondary and tertiary structures of glucoamylase were further analyzed. The low ratio of Gly in the primary structure and low exposed nonpolarity solvent accessible surface in the tertiary structure may be the main reasons for TlGA's thermostability. These results show that TlGA is great promising for potential use in the commercial production of glucose syrups. Moreover, this research will provide knowledge and innovating ideas for the improvement of glucoamylase thermostability.

Elementos clave para perfeccionar la enseñanza del inglés en la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE / Key aspects for improving english teaching in the University of the Armed Forces ESPE

Introducción: el dominio del idioma inglés por parte de estudiantes, profesores y directivos es fundamental para el desarrollo exitoso de los procesos universitarios, lo que implica retos para su enseñanza, apegado a los estándares internacionales.Objetivo: determinar los elementos clave en la enseñanza del idioma inglés en la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE. Métodos: se aplicó el método de análisis estructural que permite, con la participación de expertos y el procesamiento con el software MICMAC, describir las relaciones de influencia y dependencia entre variables. En el estudio se incluyeron 14 variables relacionadas con la enseñanza del idioma inglés en la Universidad y participaron siete expertos. Resultados: se identificaron los elementos clave para lograr estándares internacionales en esta actividad docente, tales como las competencias del talento humano; las TICs y alto nivel de componente tecnológico en la enseñanza de idiomas; la enseñanza de idiomas online; la integración e interrelación con otras entidades; las certificaciones internacionales en la enseñanza de idiomas y la recepción de exámenes con certificaciones internacionales. Conclusiones: se hace necesario priorizar los elementos clave para garantizar la satisfacción de las partes involucradas en el proceso de enseñanza del idioma inglés en la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, para el desarrollo exitoso de las funciones de docencia, investigación y vinculación con la sociedad, en las áreas del conocimiento de las instituciones militares: social, técnicas y de ciencias de la vida y la salud(AU)

Introduction: The students', professors' and managers' proficiency in English language is fundamental for the successful development of university processes, which implies challenges for teaching, adhering to international standards. Objective: To determine the key elements in the teaching of the English language at the University of the Armed Forces ESPE. Methods: The method of structural analysis was applied, which allows, with the participation of experts and the processing with the software MICMAC, to describe the relations of influence and dependence between variables. The study included 14 variables related to the teaching of the English language at the University, and seven experts participated. Results: Key elements were identified to achieve international standards in this teaching activity, such as human talent competencies, ICTs and a high level of technological component in language teaching, the teaching of online languages, the integration and interrelation with other entities, international certifications in language teaching, and the receipt of exams with international certifications. Conclusions: It is necessary to prioritize the key elements for ensuring the satisfaction of the people involved in the teaching of English at the University of the Armed Forces ESPE, for the successful development of the functions of teaching, research and relationship with the society, in the areas of knowledge of military institutions: social, technical and life and health sciences(AU)

Quantitative and Structural Analysis of Professionals in the Institutions Affillated to System of China Disabled Persons' Federation / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To analyze the status, trends and issues of professionals in rehabilitation institutions in China, and provide policy recommendations on rehabilitation professional development.Methods The data from database and statistical bulletin of CDPF has been analyzed using descriptive analysis and deviation analysis.Results The quantity of professionals of rehabilitation institutions increased 24,900 (12.62%) in 2016. Average professionals per institution had been decreased from 33.89 in 2012 to 28.33 in 2016. In regard to the structure of distribution, the rehabilitation professionals at provincial level had been decreased 21.95% in 2015 than that of in 2012. Both training programs and the number of trainees from rehabilitation institutions had decreased.Conclusion There were big gap between services provision and needs of professionals. The distribution of professionals at provincial, city and county level was under optimization. The on-job training for rehabilitation professionals should be improved. It is recommendated to develop national plan for professionals development to meet the needs of rehabilitation services, advance the on-job training for professionals, develop the higher education of rehabilitation and improve attractiveness of rehabilitation to retain and recruit more professionals.

Morphological Studies of Developmental Stages of Oculotrema hippopotami (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) Infecting the Eye of Hippopotamus amphibius (Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) Using SEM and EDXA with Notes on Histopathology

The present study was performed to observe histopathological effects of Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard, 1924 infection in the eye of Hippopotamus amphibius, as well as to reveal new details of morphology and structural features of this monogenean and its comparison between 2 age stages of the parasite. This was done using both light and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and histopathology. The presence of a mixture of different generations (adult and sub-adult) in one host individual is common for Oculotrema Stunkard, 1924 in contrast to Polystoma Zeder, 1800. New metrical and graphical information obtained for adults and sub-adults compared with the previous studies. Here we show the presence of genital papillae in adults, metrical data on the distal part of the vas deferens. SEM micrographs of sperm ejaculatory structures and information about the flattened dorsal side of the body provided for the first time. Histopathological changes, such as necrosis and hemorrhage in host tissues as a result of O. hippopotami attachment structures are described. Structural analysis of different body parts of O. hippopotami of both age groups are also included. We show qualitative differences in the presence of hardening ions (S, P, Ca) in attachment structures (oral and haptor suckers) that increase with the age of the worm. The presence of sub-adults and adults on the same host, together with high levels of infection without high pathogenicity may account for Oculotrema being one of the most successful parasites among the Monogenea.

Three-dimensional structural analysis of the morphological condition of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment / 대한치과교정학회지

Assessing the condition of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment is important. Recently, cone-beam computed tomography has been widely accepted as a useful tool for orthodontic treatment. Moreover, using a three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis software enables gathering detailed information and quantifying data. The aim of this study was to introduce various quantitative analyses performed before and after orthodontic treatment by using a 3D structural analysis software for evaluating the morphological condition of the alveolar bone of a patient with gingival recession around the canines.

Structure and immunomodulatory activity of extracellular polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa / 生物工程学报

We aimed at analyzing the structure of extracellular polysaccharide A from Grifola frondosa (EXGFP-A) and testing its immunomodulatory activity. Structural analysis shows that EXGFP-A was a contained α-D-glucoside bond and pyranose ring. GC analysis reveals that EXGFP-A was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, by the molar ratio of 0.28:0.31:0.30:0.06:7.98:0.61. The results of MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay indicates when EXGFP-A was at a concentration of 80 μg/mL and treatment time of 48 h, RAW264.7 cells proliferation index reached a maximum of 137.5%. Meanwhile, the AO staining showed that EXGFP-A activated RAW264.7 cells and improved the level of intracellular nucleic acid metabolism. In addition, in a certain range of concentration, EXGFP-A was able to increase the release of NO in RAW264.7 cells, and upregulate the mRNA expression of immunological factor TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ and iNOS of RAW264.7 cells. Our results confirm that EXGFP-A had immunomodulatory activity. Our findings provided scientific basis for the structural analysis and application of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide.

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Beyond Bone Mineral Density Determination

Significant improvements in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) concerning quality, image resolution and image acquisition time have allowed the development of various functions. DXA can evaluate bone quality by indirect analysis of micro- and macro-architecture of the bone, which and improve the prediction of fracture risk. DXA can also detect existing fractures, such as vertebral fractures or atypical femur fractures, without additional radiologic imaging and radiation exposure. Moreover, it can assess the metabolic status by the measurement of body composition parameters like muscle mass and visceral fat. Although more studies are required to validate and clinically use these parameters, it is clear that DXA is not just for bone mineral densitometry.

Versión breve de la escala de satisfacción laboral: evaluación estructural y distribucional de sus puntajes / Brief version of the job satisfaction scale: structural and distributive evaluation of their scores

La evaluación de la satisfacción laboral permite conocer y explicar varios resultados conductuales del trabajador, como su desempeño laboral. El presente estudio analiza la estructura interna de la versión breve de la Escala de Satisfacción Laboral de Warr, Cook y Wall (1979), que se orienta a medir unidimensionalmente el constructo de satisfacción laboral con ítems relacionados con la satisfacción intrínseca y extrínseca. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 88 profesionales de una institución de rehabilitación ubicada en Lima Metropolitana, a los que se les administró la versión completa del instrumento (16 ítems) para examinar la versión abreviada y derivar una nueva. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para evaluar la estructura factorial, mediante el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales. Se halló que una dimensión latente es válida para el instrumento completo, y se obtuvo una nueva versión breve con diferentes ítems, mayor varianza explicada y cargas factoriales elevadas. Las estimaciones de confiabilidad fueron aceptables. La distribución del puntaje fue inusualmente ajustada a un modelo Wakeby. Se discute los resultados en el contexto del uso de esta nueva versión y de la distribución de los puntajes.

The job satisfaction evaluation allows us to know and explain several behavioral results of a worker such as his job performance. This study analyzes the internal structure of the brief version by Warr, Cook and WallÆs Job Satisfaction Scale (1979), which is designed to unidimensionaly measure the job satisfaction construct with items related to intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. The sample was composed by 88 professionals from a rehabilitation institution located in Metropolitan Lima, who were given the full version of the instrument (16 items), to examine the abbreviated version and derive a new one. We performed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the factorial structure through the modeling of structural equations. It was found that a latent dimension is valid for the comprehensive instrument, and a new version was obtained with different items, greater explained variance, and higher factorial loads. The reliability estimates were acceptable. The score distribution was unusually set to a Wakeby model. The results are discussed in the usage context of this new version and the distribution of the scores.

Novel mutations of the arylsulphatase B (ARSB) gene in Indian patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI.

Background & objectives: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a rare, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient enzymatic activity of N-acetyl galactosamine-4-sulphatase resulting from mutations in the arylsulphatase B (ARSB) gene. The ARSB gene is located on chromosome 5q11-q13 and is composed of eight exons. More than hundred ARSB mutations have been reported so far, but the mutation spectrum of MPS VI in India is still unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to identify the mutational spectrum in patients with MPS VI in India and to study the genotype-phenotype association and functional outcomes of these mutations. Methods: Molecular characterization of the ARSB gene by Sanger sequencing was done for 15 patients (aged 15 months to 11 yr) who were enzymatically confirmed to have MPS VI. Age of onset, clinical progression and enzyme activity levels in each patient were studied to look for genotype-phenotype association. Haplotype analysis performed for unrelated patients with the recurring mutation W450C, was suggestive of a founder effect. Sequence and structural analyses of the ARSB protein using standard software were carried out to determine the impact of detected mutations on the function of the ARSB protein. Results: A total of 12 mutations were identified, of which nine were novel mutations namely, p.D53N, p.L98R, p.Y103SfsX9, p.W353X, p.H393R, p.F166fsX18, p.I220fsX5, p.W450L, and p.W450C, and three were known mutations (p.D54N, p.A237D and p.S320R). The nine novel sequence variants were confirmed not to be polymorphic variants by performing sequencing in 50 unaffected individuals from the same ethnic population. Interpretation & conclusions: Nine novel mutations were identified in MPS VI cases from India in the present study. The study also provides some insights into the genotype-phenotype association in MPS VI.

Analysis of two precipitation methods on the yield, structural features and activity of sulfated polysaccharides from Gracilaria cornea (Rhodophyta) / Análise de duas metodologias de precipitação sobre o rendimento, características estruturais e atividade de polissacarídeos sulfatados de Gracilaria cornea (Rhodophyta)

The global demand for natural products from seaweeds has increased worldwide; however, no description of the use of isoamly alcohol (IAA) for obtaining of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) has been reported. We investigated the efficiency of two precipitation methods (M) in obtaining SPs from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea. SPs enzymatically isolated were concentrated with cetylpyridinium chloride (M I) or IAA (M II) and extracts were examined with regard to their yield, structural features and in vitro effects on the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) using normal human plasma and standard heparin (193 IU mg-1). Yield difference reached 12.99%. Quantitative determination of sulfate was similar between the two methods (Ì´26%), but extracts revealed different pattern on charge density by agarose gel electrophoresis. Whereas both extracts revealed as agarocolloids, alternative M II was also efficient for lipids, proteins and nucleic acids according to the infrared analysis. Extracts had virtually no effect on APPT (1.95 and 2 IU mg-1 for M I and M II, respectively). The results revealed IAA as an alternative solvent for obtaining SPs from the red seaweed G. cornea, depending on the industry' usage criterion.

A demanda global de produtos naturais de algas marinhas tem aumentado mundialmente. Entretanto, a obtenção de polissacarídeos sulfatados (PSs) com álcool isoamílico (AIA) não é relatada. Investigou-se a eficiência de dois métodos (M) de precipitação de PSs da alga marinha vermelha Gracilaria cornea. Os PSs isolados enzimaticamente foram concentrados com cloreto cetilpiridimínio (M I) ou AIA (M II). Os extratos foram examinados, segundo seu rendimento, características estruturais e efeitos in vitro sobre o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) usando plasma humano normal e heparina padrão (193 UI mg-1). A diferença nos rendimentos foi 12,99% e semelhante determinação quantitativa de sulfato foi obtida entre os métodos (Ì´26%). A eletroforese em gel de agarose revelou diferenças em termos de densidade de cargas entre os extratos. Enquanto ambos os extratos revelaram agarocoloides, o método M II também se mostrou alternativo para lipídios, proteínas e ácidos nucleicos de acordo com a análise de infravermelho. Os extratos praticamente não modificaram o TTPA (1,95 e 2 UI mg-1 para M I e M II, respectivamente). Os resultados revelaram AIA como um solvente alternativo para obtenção de PSs da alga marinha vermelha G. cornea, dependendo do critério de utilização na indústria.

Research fronts on vitiligo, a Scopus based bibliometric survey / Frentes de investigación sobre vitiligo, un enfoque bibliométrico basado en Scopus

Bibliometrics is frequently used to analyze the structural evolution of research fields, especially in biomedical areas. The present paper provides a macrostructure for scientific research on vitiligo conducted in the last fifty years using bibliometric methods. The data were retrieved from Scopus. A total 6 109 papers related to vitiligo were processed. An analysis was conducted of specialized terms based on the structure of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus of the US National Library of Medicine. A structural approach was developed using term co-occurrence analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify the macrostructure, applying the CONCOR (CONvergence of iterated CORrelations) algorithm. Global scientific production on vitiligo was found to have increased exponentially in the last fifty years. Structural analysis revealed eight research areas divided in two blocks. On the one hand, an experimental block comprising studies on vitiligo, its relationships with cancer and other autoimmune diseases, its pathophysiology and pathogenesis; and on the other, a block including clinical studies covering various therapeutic approaches as well as the incidence and prevalence of the disease. The methodology applied constitutes a valid tool for the description and classification of biomedical knowledge domains. It also makes it possible to obtain a macrostructure which may be validated through bibliographic reviews

La bibliometría se usa frecuentemente para analizar la evolución estructural de campos de investigación, especialmente en áreas biomédicas. El presente trabajo ofrece una macroestructura de la investigación científica sobre vitiligo durante los últimos 50 años a partir de métodos bibliométricos. Los datos fueron recuperados de Scopus. Un total de 6 109 artículos relacionados con el vitiligo fueron procesados. Fueron analizados los términos especializados basados en la estructura del tesauro Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos. Se desarrolló un enfoque estructural a partir del análisis de la co-ocurrencia de términos. Se utilizó el análisis de agrupamientos jerárquicos para identificar la macroestructura, a partir de la aplicación del algoritmo CONCOR (CONvergencia de CORrelaciones iteradas). La producción científica mundial sobre vitiligo mostró un crecimiento exponencial durante los últimos 50 años. El análisis estructural reveló ocho áreas de investigación divididas en dos bloques temáticos. En primer lugar, un bloque experimental que agrupa los estudios sobre el vitiligo, sus relaciones con el cáncer y otras enfermedades autoinmunes, su patofisiología y su patogénesis; y en segundo lugar, un bloque de estudios clínicos que agrupa diferentes enfoques terapéuticos, así como la incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad. La metodología aplicada ofrece una herramienta válida para la descripción y clasificación de dominios del conocimiento biomédicos. Además, permite obtener una macroestructura que puede ser validada a partir de revisiones bibliográficas

Las representaciones sociales del enemigo: la organización de un campo en tensión / Social representations of the enemy: an organization of a field in tension

El presente artículo es resultado de uno de los componentes de la investigación "Representaciones sociales del enemigo, construidas a través de la memoria social entre sujetos desmovilizados de grupos de Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)". Este componente se centró en el estudio de la organización de las representaciones sociales del enemigo, construidas entre los participantes; asimismo, se realizó una lectura psicosociológica de los contenidos que conforman el campo, articulando la teoría de las Representaciones Sociales con aportes de otras alternativas teóricas. La interpretación se orientó a partir de los resultados del análisis de clases latentes. Se utilizó como técnica de generación de datos la asociación libre de palabras. La mayor parte de los contenidos se organizan en torno a tres clases, en las que sobresale una inclinación aversiva contra el que se coloque en la posición de enemigo, destacándose los efectos que tiene haber participado en el conflicto armado. Estas imágenes del enemigo se relacionan con emociones y actitudes como las de eliminarlo, temerle u odiarlo. Una de las clases, la de menos incidencia, ofrece la consideración de prácticas conciliatorias.

The present article is the result of one of the components of the research project "Social representations of the enemy in the social memory among the demobilized individuals of the groups of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)". This component is the study of the organization of the social representations of the enemy, constructed by the participants of the conflict. It is based on the psycho-sociological theories related to the field, the Theory of Social Representations, as well as other theories. The interpretation was based on the results of the latent class analysis. Free associations of words were used as a data generation technique. The contents are organized mostly around three groups. Attitude to the enemy distinctly is formed around the aversive feelings under the influence of the armed conflict. Enemy image is related to emotions and attitudes such as elimination, fear or hatred. Only one group, the one of less impact, suggests consideration of reconciliation.

El texto narrativo en la clínica psicoanalítica del síntoma de aprendizaje del lenguaje: un análisis estructural / O texto narrativo na clinica psicanalítica do sintoma de aprendizagem da linguagem: uma análise estrutural / The narrative text of language learning symptom in the psychoanalytical clinic: a structural analysis

Este artículo presenta datos de uno de los estudios desarrollados en la tesis doctoral "El texto narrativo como intervención terapéutica en problemas del lenguaje escrito en la adolescencia: el análisis estructural del texto narrativo producido en psicoterapia de orientación psicoanalítica". Se demuestra a partir de este análisis la posibilidad de utilizar el texto narrativo como instrumento de intervención y medida de resultados en investigación en psicoterapia en la clínica del adolescente que trata síntomas en el aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito.

Este artigo apresenta dados de um dos estudos desenvolvidos na tese "O texto narrativo como intervenção terapêutica em problemas da linguagem escrita na adolescência" (Grohs, 2009): a análise estrutural do texto narrativo produzido em psicoterapia de orientação psicanalítica. Demonstra-se a partir desta análise, a possibilidade de se utilizar o texto narrativo como instrumento de intervenção e de medida de resultados em pesquisa em psicoterapia na clínica do adolescente que produz sintoma na aprendizagem da linguagem escrita.

This article presents data of one of the studies developed in the thesis "The narrative text as therapeutic intervention in written language problems in adolescence" (Grohs, 2009): a structural analysis of the narrative text produced in psychoanalytical psychotherapy. This analysis points to the possibility of using the narrative text as an instrument of intervention and of measuring results in research in clinic psychotherapy of adolescents who present symptoms in written language learning.